PDGF-BB/PDGFRß induces tumour angiogenesis via enhancing PKM2 mediated by the PI3K/AKT pathway in Wilms' tumour.

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-ß (PDGFRß) is a critical type III receptor tyrosine kinase family member, which is involved in Wilms' tumour (WT) metastasis and aerobic glycolysis. The role of PDGFRß in tumour angiogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Here, we examined the effect of PDGFRß on angiogenesis in WT. First, the NCBI database integrated three datasets, GSE2712, GSE11151, and GSE73209, to screen differentially expressed genes. The R language was used to analyse the correlation between PDGFRB and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The results showed that PDGFRB, encoding PDGFRß, was upregulated in WT, and its level was correlated with VEGFA expression. Next, PDGFRß expression was inhibited by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or activated with the exogenous ligand PDGF-BB. The expression and secretion of the angiogenesis elated factor VEGFA in WT G401 cells were detected using Western blotting and ELISA, respectively. The effects of conditioned medium from G401 cells on endothelial cell viability, migration, invasion, the total length of the tube, and the number of fulcrums were investigated. To further explore the mechanism of PDGFRß in the angiogenesis of WT, the expression of VEGFA was detected after blocking the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and inhibiting the expression of PKM2, a key enzyme of glycolysis. The results indicated that PDGFRß regulated the process of tumour angiogenesis through the PI3K/AKT/PKM2 pathway. Therefore, this study provides a novel therapeutic strategy to target PDGFRß and PKM2 to inhibit glycolysis and anti-angiogenesis, thus, developing a new anti-vascular therapy.

Color Stability and Staining Susceptibility of Direct Resin-Based Composites after Light-Activated In-Office Bleaching.

This study evaluated color stability and staining susceptibility of five direct resin-based composites (RBCs) subjected to light-activated in-office bleaching with 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP). The test materials included 5 RBCs, which consisted of one nano-filled, one sub-micron, one bulk-filled, and two nano-hybrid RBC types. Ten disc-shaped specimens of each RBC were fabricated and divided into bleaching (BLE) and non-bleaching (CON) groups (n = 5 for each group). Specimens were then immersed in red wine solution over 4 h. A spectrophotometer was used to obtain Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* parameters for each of the following periods tested: before bleaching (TBA), after bleaching (TBL), and after staining (TST). Color stability and staining susceptibility were evaluated using two metrics, CIEDE2000 color differences (ΔE00) and whiteness variations using the whiteness index (ΔWID). Data were analyzed using repeated measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α = 0.05). Statistically significant and clinically unaccepted ΔE00 and ΔWID were observed for all tested specimens between TBA and TBL. The nano-hybrid type RBCs showed the highest discoloration among materials after bleaching treatment. The BLE group exhibited significantly higher ΔE00 and ΔWID than the CON group for all the tested RBCs between TBA and TST. The sub-micron type RBC showed the highest discoloration among materials after immersion in the red wine. Conclusion. The light-activated in-office bleaching with 40% HP's influences on color and whiteness index were material-dependent. The use of bleaching treatment also increased the susceptibility to red wine for all RBCs.